Fill a large pot with about 4 quarts water, salt generously (about 2 tablespoons), and bring to a boil over high heat. Once boiling, add the cauliflower and cook for 10 minutes, adding the spinach in the last 2 minutes. Reserve 1 cup of the hot cooking water, then use a slotted spoon or small fine mesh sieve to transfer the cauliflower/spinach to a high-speed blender (it’s fine if some small pieces remain in the liquid).
Keep the water boiling and add your pasta. Cook according to the package instructions. Before draining, save a bit of pasta water in case you want to thin out the sauce. Drain the pasta and transfer it back to the pot.
In the high-speed blender, add butter, salt, red pepper flakes, garlic, lemon zest and juice, and ¾ cup of the reserved cooking water (or use tap water if you forgot!). Blend on high until smooth. If it’s not blending, add a splash more of the water.
Pour the cauliflower sauce over the pasta along with the cheese (if using) and toss to coat.
Serve pasta topped with more parmesan (if using), black pepper, and fresh herbs.